Rhetoric and Group Stereotyping - 1500 Words

Rhetoric is language meant to bring about intense emotions causing people to have certain attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors (Moore Parker, 2007, pp.117-118). There are many different types of rhetorical devices that can give positive or negative feelings about a subject. These are often called slanters (Moore Parker, 2007, p.118). Stereotyping is one type of rhetorical device that is used quite often. It generally occurs when people attach certain images or thoughts to groups that are not based on facts or evidence (Moore Parker, 2007, p.122). Quite often when a group is brought up in discussion, they are spoken of by stereotype. Stereotyping can be positive or negative. Stereotyping can cause people to make snap judgments of†¦show more content†¦Some people in the military get a tattoo as a sign of pride for the military force they are in. Plus, there are additional reasons that law abiding, â€Å"good† people get tattoos. However, there are some tattooed p eople who do fit into the stereotype either partially, or completely. The third group discussed is feminists. Feminists are often stereotyped as men haters (Rocker-Gladen, 2008, para2). Much of the rhetorical language used in stereotyping feminists is that they are ugly, angry, and whiny (Rocker-Gladen, 2008, paras6-9). In addition, they hate sex, have no respect for stay-at-home moms, are lesbians, are all prochoice, and are bra burners (Rocker-Gladen, 2008, paras10-14). The stereotyping of feminists is pretty negative. However, not all people see them as they are stereotyped. Although the stereotyping of feminists is true for some women, it is definitely not true of all women. The common ground rules of feminists are: Women should be treated the same as men before the law; women should be just as valuable to society as men are; women should be ensured a better life by changes in society and law; there should no longer be violence and repression of women anywhere in the world; and women need to stand in support of other women. These ground rul es are far from being the stereotype of feminists, but these are just ground rules and other than these, feminist’s views are quite varied (Rocker-Gladen, 2008, para4). Thus, there are someShow MoreRelatedRhetoric and Stereotypes: Politicians, Tattooed People, Feminists, and Elderly People986 Words   |  4 PagesRhetoric and Stereotypes: Politicians, Tattooed People, Feminists, and Elderly People PHI 103: Informal Logic Rhetoric and Stereotypes: Politicians, Tattooed People, Feminists, and Elderly People Rhetoric pertains to the use of language to create an effectively persuasive argument. Stereotyping is taking the description of an individual and applying it to a group as a whole. There are many generalizations made when it comes to politicians, tattooed people, feminists, and elderly people. Read MoreLabour Market Need 1234 Words   |  5 Pagesprotection for migrants and encouraged affiliate unions to organize these workers, although responses have been varied and inconsistent (Holgate, 2005; Dundon et al., 2007; MacKenzie and Forde, 2007; Perrett and Martinez Lucio, forthcoming). The rhetoric of ‘British jobs for British workers’ associated with recent disputes in UK oil refineries and power stations is likely to have a negative impact on any wider initiatives within the organized labour movement to recruit migrant workers. In realityRead MorePersuasive Writing and Stereotypes976 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine mostly what are of common or personal thoughts toward a certain group of people or a generalized characteristic that thought to be in a group’s type. â€Å"When a writer or speaker lumps a group of individuals together under one name or description, especially one that begins with the word â€Å"the† (the liberal, the Communist, the right-winger, the Jew, the Catholic, and so on), such labeling generally results in stereotyping† (Moore and Parker, 2007, p. 122). Stereotypes are not in any way basedRead MoreMuslim Immigrants And The United States871 Words   |  4 Pages1979 and the subsequent hostage crisis, the Gulf War, and, most significantly, 9/11 and the â€Å"Global War on Terror† that followed, have received enormous press coverage as evidence of â€Å"Islamic fundamentalism.† American Muslims often ask why a small group of extremists, whose terrorist actions violate the central principles of Islam, should determine the public image of the entire Muslim community. As Edward Said, author of Covering Islam, noted, prejudice against Muslims is â€Å"the last sanctioned racismRead More Freedom of Speech Must be Granted for All Americans Essay example1564 Words   |  7 Pagessystem, government, media, and leaders, through the interjection of an intolerance and non-acceptance policy towards individuals or groups with the desire to trample on the rights of our nations minorities, have set forth the maximum protection for minority groups. The people of our nation have followed their leaders in acceptance or at least toleration of minority groups beliefs and rights whether based on sexual preferences, skin color, religion, or a womans right to abortion, etc.. As a great nationRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Adichie s The Danger Of A Single Story1109 Words   |  5 Pagesreality what it means is the danger of stereotyping. Dictionary.com defines Stereotype as â€Å"A generalization usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive, that is used to describe or distinguish a group.† Adichie delivered her presentation on a very well-known website called Ted.com, with one objective in mind, to prevail upon everyone to share their personal stories with the world so that there no longer is a â€Å"single story† defining any one person or group. Although, Adichie is aware thatRead MoreUse of Language in Immigration1615 Words   |  6 PagesUSE OF LANGUAGE IN IMMIGRATION RHETORIC 1.0 Introduction American society has developed as a result of continued waves of immigration. It therefore seems logical that Americans should have positive attitudes towards immigration. Immigration allows for sharing of ideas and cultures within society. However, in recent years, the trend of undocumented immigration has taken an effect on the economic and social development of American society. During the debates in the fun up to the 2013 electionsRead MoreSocioeconomic Factors Of A Student s Life And Lower Academic Outcomes1711 Words   |  7 Pagessocioeconomic factors influence learning outcomes, and why low socioeconomic backgrounds have an impact. It will then go on to investigate socioeconomic status’s relationship with identity, and its relationship with the disadvantage experienced by minority groups. Socioeconomic background needs to be considered by teachers because its extent is considerable. The gap between high-income families and low-income families is widening (Grattan, 2014 June). And, at 12.8% (Ewing, 2013), people below the povertyRead MoreThe Poaching Of Animals And The Subsequent Trading Of Illegal Animals1621 Words   |  7 Pageshave been prevalent in the media and environmental groups for quite some time. Although one may assume that poaching has declined in recent years due to an increase in overall global awareness, it nevertheless continues to be a pressing concern. A study performed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs for South Africa found that 2015 was the deadliest year for rhinos in decades, with 1,305 killed (Minister Edna Molewa, 2016). One environmental group that works to prevent poaching is the World WildlifeRead MoreTop Ten Characteristics of a Multicultural School Environment980 Words   |  4 Pagescurriculum incorporates the contributions of many cultural groups and integrates multiple perspectives throughout it (Gollnick and Chin, p.7). Some people check on a school’s curriculum before they decide on what school they will go. It is important that the school gives value to the contributions of many cultural groups. I rank differences in academic achievement levels disappear between males and females, dominant and oppressed group members, and upper-middle-class and low-income students (Gollnick

Explaining The Religion of Islam Essay examples - 1445 Words

Islam is currently the worlds 2nd largest and fastest growing religion with nearly one-fifth (approximately 1.2 billion) of the world’s population believed to be Muslim (About.Com, 2008, Online http://islam.about.com/od/muslimcountries/a/population.htm). Islam is a monotheistic religion which means it believes in the one God. It is Abrahamic or one of the ‘Religions of the Book’, this means that, similar to in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and the Jewish Torah, stories such as that of the Creation story in Genesis and the stories of Abraham (abc.net 2009, Online http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s790151.htm ). This essay includes a brief summary of the general beliefs of Islam, the Islamic take on social justice, a summary†¦show more content†¦Prayer: The name given to the obligatory prayer which is to be performed 5 times a day is Shalat. Prayers are said at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and nightfall, and help determine the rhythm o f the entire day, Shalat can be done anywhere, before praying there is a ritual cleansing to purify oneself before coming before god. It is always done facing Mecca, the homeland of Islam. Zakat: Zakat is essentially almsgiving, all Muslims are required to help share their wealth with the poor, this is generally done through a yearly tax of approximately 2.5% of an individuals annual income. Fasting: Fasting, or Saum, is an important part of Islam. During the lunar month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset. Fasting is supposed to help bring a Muslim closer to Allah and instil discipline. Hajj: At least once in their lifetime, if physically and financially possible, all Muslims are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca during Hajj which begins at the start of the 12th month in the Islamic Calender. Islam has an undefinable stance on social justice; just like most religions, with in that religion there are many different views and interpretations on social justice. One of the key features of Islamic life is Sharia Law which is the moral code of Islam, in this is a group of Haram offences which include pre-marital sexual intercourse, sex byShow MoreRelatedNot For Ergun And Emir Caner, The Authors Of Unveiling Islam922 Words   |  4 Pagestheir conversion from Islam to Christianity was inspiring, and humbling. For someone like me, who is sure in what they believe, that process seems impossible. Not for Ergun and Emir Caner, the authors of Unveiling Islam. In addition to reading the book, I wanted more information on the lives of these authors, so I watched several interviews with them where they expanded upon their life’s story, as well as explaining more about the Muslim faith. Understanding how these religions stand apart can be difficultRead MoreUniversity of Phoenix: Islam Worksheet1148 Words   |  5 PagesMaterial Islam Worksheet When studying Islam, it is important to understand the essential elements of the faith, how they are practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam, Sunni Islam, and Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam. The Islamic religion is a Middle Eastern, Arabic Peninsula, based religion that originatedRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam Is A Religion With Deep Roots That1495 Words   |  6 Pages  The religion of Islam is a religion with deep roots that have now expanded out from the Middle East and touch all corners of the world. While there is no doubt that Islam’s oldest roots lie in the birthplace of the religion, the Arabian Peninsula, the religion’s culture, customs, and laws have been carried out from here and impact millions worldwide. However, with the spread of Islam into the world comes the spread of the world into Islam. Meaning that as Islam’s roots grow far and wide it mustRead MoreTaking a Look at Islam733 Words   |  3 PagesIslam is a religion that tells it believers a complete way of living. The core belief of Islam is that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad (S.A.W) is the last prophet of God. The concept of worship in Islam is a general concept which meets all the good in religion and life. The truth of worship is all said and works that appeal to Allah and you are satisfied. The Muslim in life knows that he is a true servant of Allah and obeying Allah seeks to fulfill and to avoid what banned in all thingsRead MoreLife of Pi882 Words   |  4 Pages World Religions In Life of Pi In the book Life of Pi the author Yann Martel wrote about a young boy named Pi Patel surviving on a lifeboat by himself. Throughout the entire book Pi was very close to religion and in the end his religions were the main reason he had survived. At the start of the book Yann Martel introduces three religions, Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism. There are three main points that aided in Pi’s survival. One being that Pi was open to religions and started toRead MoreAp World Dbq: Attitudes of Christianity and Islam Toward Merchants609 Words   |  3 PagesBoldt April 16, 2010 AP World DBQ From the onset of the Christian and Islamic religions, until about 1500, the two religions began with two different opinions of merchants, but grew together as time went on. As the two religions reached the 1500’s, their view of merchants became almost identical. In the beginning of each religion, Christianity and Islam had very different views on merchants and traders. In the New Testament of the Bible, hatred is shownRead MoreThe Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror by Bernard Lewis1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror is a book written by Bernard Lewis that ‘in particular charts the key events of the twentieth century leading up to the violent confrontations of today.’(Lewis) Lewis clearly and entirely pointed out key events explaining the choices to be made by the people of the Islamic faith. They must determine whether their religion takes its place alongside other religions in a global community, or whether it will revert back into conflict with non-Muslim nationsRead MoreUnveiling Islam: What Muslims Believe, by Zainab Ali Essays602 Words   |  3 PagesIn Zainab Alis book, Unveiling Islam: What Muslims Believe, she explains the basic beliefs of a Muslim. She also elaborates on the images of Muslims in the media created by important leaders such as Saddam Huss ein and Louis Farrakhan and how they contradict the Islamic belief. The writer then gives her explaination of these contradictions with respect to Islamic rules. She focuses on the rules of the faith - the five pillars of Islam - by provinding explanations, definitions, and examples. AfterRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Buddhism1610 Words   |  7 Pagesto gain some insight from various religious teachings. How different religions view the concept of life after death is extremely interesting and is something that is worth exploring. These fascinating questions are going to be answered throughout this paper from the perspective of three major religions: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Whether it is getting into Heaven in Christianity, achieving the paradise of Jannah in Islam, or Nirvana in Buddhism, these concepts of the afterlife will explainedRead MoreAllam Iqbal1329 Words   |  6 Pagesconsciousness of the Muslims in the historical perspective of the south Asian sub-cont inent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan. Allama Iqbal amp; Ideology of Pakistan Allama Iqbal was the person who for the first time gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the Two Nation Theory. He clearly explained

Good People… Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure Free Essays

According to the critical lens by William Saroyan, â€Å"Good people†¦ are good because they’re come to wisdom through failure. † In other words that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Two literary works that agree with this statement are The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. We will write a custom essay sample on Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel by William Golding, The Lord of the Flies reveals with a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The setting took place on an uninhabited island. Ralph was characterized as the oldest of the boys, handsome, and confident. Piggy can be characterized as the logic on the island. Jack Merridew an aggressive boy who became the leader of the tribe after Ralph’s failure. Piggy trying to preach the rules to everyone and Roger rolls a boulder at him and kills him. Ralph witnessed Piggy’s death and ran away. From this point on Ralph discovered through Piggy’s death, that it was useless trying to reason with Jack’s tribe. Ralph ran and hides from them. As a result, Ralph learned through Piggy’s mistakes and stayed alive. William Saroyan implies that a person can learn from mistakes and become a better person. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveals with the statement. We can learn from mistakes and become a better person. The story takes place in a mental institution in the Pacific Northwest. The narrator of the novel is chief Bromden, also known as chief Broom; a half staff assumes is deaf and dumb. Randall Patrick McMurphy is a new patient who came from a work farm. He suggested a party, but got cought by the Big Nurse. He received a lobotomy. Chief learned from McMurphy. At the end, he escaped the hospital and returning to society to battle the combine. In both novels The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey reveal the statement that we can learn from mistakes and become a better person. Both main characters learn from other mistakes and become a better person. How to cite Good People†¦ Are Good Because They’re Come to Wisdom Through Failure, Papers

Charles Dickens and The Star Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens and The Star Essay Hard Times was first published in 1854. It was written by Charles Dickens (1812-1870) who had a very strong opinion on empiricism. It is set in the nineteenth century at a time when school was not compulsory and child labour was common. Hard Times is set in the imaginary city of Coketown, which is an industrial city. Hard Times is partly an industrial novel in which the factory system is portrayed in the eyes of the working class people. It investigates the minds of people who view workers as tools to do a job rather than human beings. It also operates as a critic of certain methods of teaching particularly those that are to do with filling the mind full of fact rather than let them learn while their imagination is free and they are able to have their own thoughts and opinions. Dickens novel attacks those who try to make sense of the world out of facts without any use of imagination. In the factory system, children as young as three would be working down the mines and in factories. It was not until 1870 that schooling became compulsory and the government took over education and most schools. Empiricism was the movement that began in the eighteenth century that maintained that all knowledge comes from fact and experience. According to empiricism, children are like blank pieces of paper ready to have facts written upon them. Romanticism is a movement that originated in the late eighteenth century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom of thought and it was a rebellion against the idea that only fact was needed to see you through life. One of the creators of empiricism was John Locke. Locke was a British Philosopher who was educated at Oxford University in 1690. He wrote a book called An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In this book Locke conveyed his ideas about how our identity and personality come from our knowledge of facts. The opening two chapters introduce the main characters and set the scene. The first chapter is mainly the speaker telling the students of the school where it is set, what they are going to learn and what is needed in life fact. In the second chapter we meet Sissy Jupe daughter of Signor Jupe, a member of the circus. We are also introduced to Mr Mchoakumchild, Mr Grabgrind a retired hardware merchant, who owns the school and Bitzer a student in the school. There is also a government officer present. The second chapter is set in a classroom with sunlight coming in through the window. Mr Grabgrind asks Sissy to give her definition of a horse. However she does not answer so Mr Grabgrind asks Bitzer instead and he gives a purely factual answer. Then Mr Grabgrind gives the children a test on factual living in which he asks,  Would you paper a room with the representations of horses?  And  Suppose you were going to carpet a room would you use a carpet having representations of flowers upon it? The correct answer was no for both because in real life or fact would you see horses on walls of buildings or flowers on the floors indoors that dont wilt or get crushed when trod on? For the rest of the chapter Mr Mchoakumchild takes the lesson.  In Hard Times Dickens uses a lots of different types of language. He uses repetition, extended metaphors, multiple adjectives, archaic language and personification. Quite a lot of repetition is used; the word fact is repeated. This helps to emphasise that fact is the only thing considered important. The word square is repeated when describing the speaker I think this is because the square is a hard, sharp and unforgiving shape, unlike a circle for example which is round and smooth and would make it inappropriate for describing a character like the speaker. Extended metaphors are used quite a lot in describing the speaker, for example: .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .postImageUrl , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:hover , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:visited , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:active { border:0!important; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:active , .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7e14fa2b3786c2b0989287f7af0de3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women's Charity Organisation EssayThe speakers hair, which bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse room for the hard facts stored inside.  Here is another example describing children:-  All backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. I think the mention of warehouse room is a reference to industrialisation. This gives the reader a good mental picture of what the speakers head would look like. Multiple adjectives are used to emphasise points. Here is a quotation from the first chapter:  The speakers mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set  This extract is used to describe the speakers mouth; the adjectives are wide, thin and hard.  As Hard Times was written in 1854 it contains quite a lot of language that is no longer in use today like pugilist, peremptorily and quadruped. There is also quite a lot of technical language that is not in common usage today e.g. orthography and etymology Personification is not used very often in the opening two chapters because personification uses a lot of imagination and imagination has no place in the school. The only example of personification I could find in the chapters was:  His very neck cloth trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp  This refers to the speaker and how his tie looks like it is strangling and choking him, like he is doing to the childrens imaginations. The name of each chapter and the first book come from extracts from different part of the bible. Book the first. Sowing refers to Galatians 6:7, the bible extract is:  For what ever a man soweth, that he shall also reap  This establishes a religious link. I think Dickens is implying that God is on the side of the romanticists not the empiricist. Chapter one is called The one thing needful. This comes from Luke 10:42 but only one thing needed, Mary has chosen what is better and it will not be taken away from her. This reference underlines the important of listening to wisdom and that it is more important than leading an active life. Chapter two murdering the innocents comes from Matthew 2:16.

Globalisation States Discussion

Globalisation is a novel process in that it symbolises the quick integration that societies in the world are going through while creating new challenges whose solutions are crucial to the long-term survival of the planet.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Globalisation States Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been an evolution of global threats that threaten security, stability and prosperity of the now tightly interconnected global systems. With increased international cooperation on almost all fronts, there is an increased likelihood of risk freely proliferating easily and undetected across borders. The flawed international system that is in place is increasingly unable to address the novel challenges that face globalisation. Thus, the crippled system is full of design faults that make it difficult for the system to confront challenges presented by the volatility of the contemporar y world organization. In contemporary world politics, both national and global policy making is weak and fragmented and therefore unable to contain complex issues such as terrorism and economic crises leading to catastrophic global crises with far reaching political effects. Fortunately, the global order that has been set by globalisation is largely a product of political and economic orders that exists in the world today. Through forums such as the G7 and G20, globalisation is changeable. Given most globalisation trends are influenced by complex socio, economic and political dynamics, willingness of these dynamic’s sources is key to changing the course of globalisation. International Organisation and Institutions Contemporary world politics is shaped by international organizations that most of the time speak and advance the agenda of the countries they represent. The most dominant organizations today in contemporary world politics include both political and economic grouping s such as the UN, EU, G7, AU, ASEAN, NAFTA and WTO whose hand in world politics is clearly visible. Besides, there are established institutions like the US, a sovereign nation, which is by far the most influential and most powerful of all world groupings.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Faced with growing challenges, international organizations are constantly going through changes that help in mitigating international crises. For instance, some of these organizations like the EU, NATO and AU have established military wings meant to combat crises such as terrorism and narcotics trafficking. They have also set up powerful secretariats some with legislative councils to make laws on issues such as immigration, which apply across the member countries. Despite their role in combating global crises, these organizations have also been accused of creating the very problems the y are meant to address. Failure by these organizations to act like in the case of UN’s failure in Rwanda, and establishment of toothless bodies within them has contributed to the start or escalation of some crises. In some cases, these bodies play a direct role in the start and escalation of crises for instance the war in Afghanistan that was started by the US and UK and supported by UN and NATO. Diplomacy and International Law Diplomacy and international law have always been the preferred mechanism to solve international crises. However, they have both gone through a lot of evolution since World War II. There is increased application on the use of economic sanctions, arms embargos and coercion through soft power for countries to sign international treaties such the nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty that is meant to combat spread of nuclear weapons. Response by nations to international crises is very varied. Existing international laws and diplomatic protocols have restored sa nity to the way countries respond to international crises. In most cases, many countries use established channels like envoy recall to protest to perceived international wrongs.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Globalisation States Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though many countries do reiterate a reserve of the right to unilateral strike on perceived enemy nations, there is consensus among nations that organizations such as the UN have to play a crucial role before such a drastic step is taken. Some of the international bodies offer diplomatic platforms on which world crises are resolved. Some like the UN and G7 have considerable influence in resolving and/or averting these crises. While the UN is legitimate and well suited for this role, the G7 is wields considerable influence in diplomatic circles thanks to their immense wealth. Despite this influence however, the UN is a more legitim ate platform since all nations recognise it and has in place established mechanisms that can deal with such issues. Conflict and Intervention in World Politics The UN Charter that establishes the organization bans the use of or threat to the use of force against sovereign territories and/or in a manner that contravenes UN regulations. However, a state (s) can intervene beyond their national borders by use of military force within another country’s territory for purposes of protecting civilians from real or perceived atrocities in order to avert a humanitarian crisis as was in the case in Libya. Such intervention on humanitarian grounds challenges state sovereignty in that despite the humanitarian undertones, a country’s independence and right to non-foreign interference is violated. In my opinion, this limitation on sovereignty is uncalled for since it can easily become the genesis of unending conflict, destabilizing otherwise stable societies which end up becoming bre eding grounds for criminal elements.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Distinctions between political and humanitarian and political intervention are legitimate because they help in defining the extent to which nations can interfere in one another’s affairs. This critical writing on Globalisation States Discussion was written and submitted by user Namor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aylmers obsession

Aylmers obsession Before Georgina came along the most valuable thing in Aylmer’s life was science. He had dedicated his life to this field, and he felt that nothing was of greater value than its study. Georgina came along, and everything changed for him. He even abandoned his life long career for the sake of love.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aylmer’s obsession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After marriage, the only imperfection on her body, which is her birthmark, becomes unbearable to a point that he occasionally shudders when he sees it. The feeling grows in him until it becomes an obsession. It disturbs him so much that he even dreams of performing surgery on her. He sees it as the only thing that prevents the lady who changed his life from being perfect (Hawthorne 6). What he hopes to accomplish by removing it Aylmer hopes to achieve perfection. He believes that by removing it, she will be perfect. Though most men are content with the birthmark, Aylmer’s nature, personality and belief that science can solve anything makes it harder for him to appreciate the mark. He also wants to remove it so as to be happy again. At the beginning everything was perfect, he valued her more than anything else, but after they became married, the presence of the birthmark bothered him a lot. The fact that he occasionally reacted negatively after seeing it is also proof that he was not happy. In relation to the debate of science versus nature, he aimed at showing the greatness of science. The author tells us that the two things that mattered most in his life were the love for his wife and science. By using science to make her perfect, the results would support his claim that the best things that were offered by nature were inadequate. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Birthmark, S.l: Perfection Learning, 2007. Print.

Company in Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Company in Crisis - Essay Example Research questions: taking failure as a phenomenon in everyday life that ought to be crossed either by winning or not we are left with the questions about the ways to win the debacle. In a business firm that faces distress, the big boss must get himself equipped with the capabilities to retrieve answers to questions on the cause and depth of the crisis and then questions regarding the salvation process are to be evolved. The purpose of the research that I conduct is to elucidate answers for these questions about the cause and depth of the distress simultaneously finding the way in which organisation culture has to be reformed or remodelled to get the favourable results in the turnaround process. Changing the organisation culture or cultural renewal is the vital part of the turnaround process, since culture is the base of the entire realm of a business. The methodology of turnaround comprises mainly of grass root changes. Turnaround decisions are hard to conceive, although everybody i n a crisis torn company is eagerly waiting for a fresh mechanism to thrive. I have collected feedback data from many companies worldwide that underwent crisis management and companies that foresaw the crisis and adopted prudent approaches to circumvent the crisis. The research papers and journals on the subject of crisis management were of highly helpful in my research. Throughout the search I found that a strategic change was a must in the turnaround endeavour. A company shows symptoms of distress in six ways. They are: 1. Dividend reduction 2. Plant closing. 3. Losses. 4. Lay offs. 5. CEO resignations. 6. Plummeting stock prices. Operating losses of a company results in the reduction of its capital leading the firm towards bankruptcy. In Kenya, companies such as Barclays Bank, Standard Chartered and National Oil Corp are laying off their staff. Many a companies are left with options to take turnaround steps in the following ways only. 1. Disposing of real property. 2. Merging with other firms. 3. Reducing capital spending on R & D. 4. Issuing new shares. 5. Negotiating with creditors. 6. Liquidation. 7. Lay offs. Of these a successful negotiation with the creditors to extend the duration of debt servicing, interest and paying period fetches a good result of saving the company from liquidation. (Jonah Aiyabei, 2000). 1.1 CAUSE OF THE CRISIS Corporate misconduct is the root cause of crisis to creep in a company. The direction of movement of corporate behaviour is normally from top to the bottom. Integrity must permeate a company from the level of chief executive who are supposed to blend ethical values to their traits of integrity. The survey results of the Investor Responsibility Research Center, Washington D.C., survey of board practices and pay, 2004 delineates that an internal campaign organised by the CEOs emphasises the company was taking the reforms seriously and provide an opportunity for discussion among the employees. Responses received from many of the respondents revealed an inability and impossibility to legislate morality and ethics and at the same time greed was felt at the core of many of the past problems. A grade point average (GPA) of 2.6 in the field of accounting management encompassed the view of the respondents that CEOs should meet with department heads and create a direct

Audio Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Audio Culture - Essay Example In those days, radio content was most based on speech programming later by the introduction of Television media radio diverted its major entertainment towards musical programming (Crook, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to analyze different radio texts to present a discourse by evaluating the social, cultural, political and economic contexts. Four different audio programs have been selected for the analysis of radio based on programming, production, audience and cultural context. The analysis will be categorized broadly into Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis focusing on a use of music, sound, text and technology in different sorts of programs by different presenters. Conversation Analysis is defined as a method of analyzing the audio or video tapes for discovering how the participants of the conversation in the audio understand each other’s points and respond accordingly with the main focus on generation of sequences of action (Wooffitt, 2005). Or in other words the purpose of Conversation Analysis is to reveal the tactic reasoning procedures and sociolinguistic capabilities triggering the production and evaluation of the audio conversation in an organized sequence of interaction (Hutchby, 2006). Discourse Analysis or Critical Discourse Analysis is a method of understanding how social power (radio) is used or abused in relation with spoken or written languages. The method particularly focuses on studying the dialectal relationship with the discourse aspect of the social practices and the structure of society (Tolson, 2006). It is a news show presented by Victoria Derbyshire. The show includes news on social and cultural issues, political news and sports news in the United Kingdom and all around the world. Based on the conversation analysis the presenters interact with each other only when it’s necessary, like to hand over the conversation from one person to another. The news show is led by Victoria Derbyshire dominantly as she goes

Factors that Led to Rapid Industrialisation of Japan Essay

Factors that Led to Rapid Industrialisation of Japan - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that reformation of the economic system involved introduction of a unified modern currency (yen), development and restructuring of the banking system, improved commercial laws and taxation system, stock exchanges, and improvement of the communications network. Creation of a new institutional framework that would suit the capitalist system was also among the primary task of the Meiji government. However, it was not until the early 1890s that this long process was completed, and by that time, the government had almost entirely ceased the practice of direct control over the process of industrialization due to increasing budget deficits due to a high cost of modernization. However, though most of these reforms have also been implemented by various European states their success – and success of the industrialization process – differed substantially. Evidently, these template reforms had to be undertaken in a favorable environment oth erwise the outcome would have hardly been successful. There were several major factors that contributed to the rapid and successful industrialization of Japan. Advanced technologies transferred to Japan from the industrialized Western states such as Britain and the United States played one of the major roles in stimulating early and rapid industrialization of the country. The essence of that transfer of technologies was the transplantation of factory-based production systems.  This approach was promoted by the Meiji government that played the key role in setting up the scene for Japan’s rapid industrialization. However, it was not until the early 1890s that this long process was completed, and by that time, the government had almost entirely ceased the practice of direct control over the process of industrialization due to increasing budget deficits due to a high cost of modernization. However, though most of these reforms have also been implemented by various European stat es their success - and success of the industrialization process - differed substantially. Evidently, these template reforms had to be undertaken in a favorable environment otherwise the outcome would have hardly been successful. There were several major factors that contributed to the rapid and successful industrialization of Japan. Advanced technologies transferred to Japan from the industrialized Western states such as Britain and the United States played one of the major roles in stimulating early and rapid industrialization of the country. The essence of that transfer of technologies was the transplantation of factory-based production systems. This approach was promoted by the Meiji government that played the key role in setting up the scene for Japan's rapid industrialization. Import of the workshop equipped with modern machinery was the central element of Meiji's policy aimed at 'catching up with and overtaking' industrialized western states. The list of industrial sectors tar geted by the Meiji government within the framework of its industrialisation policy was large and included not only defence-related (shipbuilding and others), but also a variety of civil industries that produced different goods and products for both the local and overseas market (silk-reeling, cement, glass, cotton spinning, etc).

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay In this paper Object-oriented System development methodologies i-e Booch, Rambaugh, are reviewed and compared with each other with a focus on their development processes. We have developed a framework based on a set of criteria to compare the two methods. The aim of this comparison is to better understand the core philosophies and processes of each method, and internal activities that each method provides. The aim of this descriptions and comparisons are not to criticize the philosophies of theses methodologies, but to give a description of the two methodologies that will facilitate the readers to better understand each methodology, and to what extent the two methodologies are object oriented. And also this comparison provides an ease in selecting and evaluating each methodologys process. (doc1)The software engineering field has been evolving over the past thirty years, but it has never completely solved the software crisis. Software development methodologies, as an essential element of the discipline of software engineering, have also evolved from the shallow and informal methodologies of the late 1960s to the object-oriented methodologies of the 1990s and the new millennium (doc1). There is a rapid development in the object oriented paradigm during the past years and the important reasons for such rapidness are that the real world applications are modeled in a better way as well as the object oriented paradigm enables the reusability of different artifacts during the development of a software system. Object oriented system development approach facilitates the re-use of software components. A system developed with Object Oriented Methodology (OOM) on component basis can re-use the existing components effectively, and as well as its components can be shared by some other systems too. One can achieve higher productivity, better quality and low maintenance cost by adopting the OOM. Since, the object-oriented methodologies (OOM) are still growing and continue to evolve, and there are a number of popular OOMs circulating around, but none of them is widely accepted. The software community is yet not agreed upon several fundamental issues. (1) A methodology is a systematic collection of techniques guidelines for how to build, buy, maintain and/or enhance software products. A methodology provides a basis for communication, a toolkit of techniques and a basis for repeatable, reliable software engineering. The term, method, refers to an approach to activities generally adhering to common principles [14]. Object-oriented software development methodologies, starts from the appearance of hybrid methodologies, then move to seminal methodologies, and the development of integrated (third-generation/heavyweight) methodologies and their agile (lightweight) counterparts. The following are the categories of Object oriented methodologies [15]: Seminal: Shlaer-Mellor, Coad-Yourdon, RDD, Booch, OMT, OSA, OOSE, BON,Hodge-Mock, Syntropy, Fusion; Integrated: OPM, Catalysis, OPEN, RUP/USDP, EUP, FOOM; Agile: DSDM, Scrum, XP, ASD, dX, Crystal, FDD; Although the promises, that the object-oriented software development provides, are based on solid grounds but still there is a confusion among the organization on when and how to invest in this new technology and also whether to invest or not. One of the reason for such confusion is that a great number of methodologies have been evolved during the last years. The other reason for confusion is closely related to the attractiveness of object-oriented software: Many vendors sticks the label object-oriented to their products without delivering important features as King (1989, p. 24) states: If I were trying to sell (my cat) I would argue that he is object-oriented. Research Problem The research question we are going to answer is: To what extent the two Object Oriented Methodologies: Booch and Rambaugh methodologies are Object Oriented and to what extent the methodologies help the software development organizations?. The selection cretaria for the the above two OOM is mentioned in the section 1.4.2. Since the object oriented paradigm evolved in different areas of the software development simultaneously, therefore fundamental concepts were different in different methodologies and were not completely standardized. Each OOM developed in a particular software domain such as real time systems and Information systems, although some cross-over exists in some concepts among the methodologies. Therefore, some methodologies are best in the development of applications that belong to the domain for which the methodology is evolved, while other can be used more generally. Even though OOM that evolved in the same domain may differ enough in different concepts such as process and notation and as a result can effect the software engineering goals. Motivation In the recent years, an overwhelming popularity of object oriented analysis and design has been witnessed. This phenomenon is evidenced by the number of papers and articles that are published in various conference proceedings, journals, books, and other forms. But There are still a large part of the business world that uses traditional software development approach for applications development. And on the technology side, there is an extensive development in the area of Object-Oriented technologies that promises better quality and productivity through reusability, and also encourages team work. The following observation is made in a survey [] about the organizations that uses OOM, performed by Sumit: A recent survey of IS managers revealed that 39% of organizations have adopted OO technology in some form. Nonetheless, OO development methodologies are used in only 5% of IS projects are developed in OO methodologies (Glass, 1999). For a specific application the first task is to decide which methodology is most appropriate for its development. Sometimes we may have to adapt different methodologies. Therefore an organization, that wants to switch to object oriented technology, faces one important question: which OOM is appropriate and should be chosen? A systematic comparison of available OOMs can answer such a question in a better way before selecting one of them. There are number of papers and articles that compare different aspects of the OOMs such as the reusability, documentation and others. So there is a need for the comparison which considers their system development core philosophy including all the concepts that methodologies provide in their development process. Unfortunately, the comparison of these methodologies is complicated because each OOM has its own set of definitions of the techniques, concepts, notations and are composed of informal descriptions, therefore the comparison of the methodologies depends largely on the interpretations and perceptions of the person who performs the comparison[10]. Such a comparison facilitate the organization that are developing software with traditional approach and now these organizations want to switch from the traditional software development approach to object oriented approach.. We also want to improve the understanding of these methodologies through this comparison, and to provide an ease in selecting, and evaluating the methodologies. The other purpose is to provide knowledge to the individuals that are interested to get the knowledge about object-oriented concepts, to what extent the two methods are object oriented, and how they relate to one another. Such interest in some cases is academic (e.g., students). Similarly individuals in companies or organizations want to evaluate and select a methodology to be used in software development process. We believe that sometime these groups are given short time and resources to make this decision, therefore comparisons like this will provide a shortcut means of selection. Research Methodology and comparison issues First we will review the existing software development methodologies (seminal methodology) that are object-oriented. We will study their system development processes to get a knowledge base about the object oriented technology. The purpose of this study is to understand their system development processes and internal activities involved in these development processes. Then we will review the two methods using a process-centered template, where we will summarize the two methodologies, and the activities and techniques discuss in the two methodologies will be highlighted. In the second step we will evaluate and compare Booch and Rumbaugh Object Oriented. We will use books, journals, proceedings, and internet sources as the data sources about the object oriented methodologies and ongoing research to gain the knowledge base. This report compares the two object oriented methodologies: Booch method and Rambaugh method, by considering their system development core philosophy. A research has been done in Hewlett Packard Laboratories by Arnold and his colleagues [1], in which several comparing criteria are defined in the form of questions for comparing Object oriented Methodologies. These comparing criteria are based on the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the OOM methodology. Influenced by the above research, this report presents a framework to compare the two selected methodologies using the same set of criteria form the above research. The framework uses these set of comparing criteria for comparing the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the two selected methodology which are defined in the section 1.5.1 under the heading of comparison variables. Using such framework helps us to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the two methods during the comparison process. Based on this framework, the two methods are extensively compared. The results are presented in a set of tables. Since the results are in tabular form so the similarities and differences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods can easily be seen. Comparison Variables As mentioned above, this report uses four main categories of the two methodologies in the comparison which are defined as follows: Concepts: Concepts are related to the conceptual underpinnings of the methodology that makes it object-oriented, and explians how the concepts such as object, class, state, inheritance, aggregation, and information hiding are defined and dealt by the methodology? Process: The methodology describes what steps to be taken and in what order to accomplish certain task in develoment process. How well the methodology specifies the process varies largly from methodology to methodology. Notation: The methodology describes tecniques (textual, and /or graphical) to capture and represent information within the development process. Some methodologies describe graphical techniques only, while others specify the form and content of whole documents. Pragmatics: The pragmatic criteria concentrate on nontechnical features. Pragmatics covers issues like needed resources, language suitability, learning of the CASE tools, required expertise, and domain applicability.(8) Comparison variables are listed in Table 1 under each category. The selection criterion for these variables is objectiveness. The aim of this report is to do the objective comparison of methodologies. That is, hard facts are produced by these variables about a methodology showing that a methodology either supports or does not support these variables. This selection criterion has one limitation. That is, no fine grained information regarding a variable is provided in this report for the comparison. Typically, the degree to which a methodology supports a variable is not answered in this comparison. In order to alleviate this shortfall for some variables, the report distinguishes explicit methodology support from implicit methodology support in the comparison and provide fine grained information if appropriate. The definitions of these variables in Table I are delayed until Section 3 when the selected OOADMs are compared. Table 1: Comparison variables Category Variables Concepts Class/Object, Abstract Classes, Meta-Classes, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Association, Aggregation, Methods/Messages, Type of Communications between objects and classes, Concurrency Process Development Process Deliverables, Development Context, Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle, Partitioning Mechanism, The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies Notations Static Concepts, Dynamic Concepts, Explicit Rules for Notations Symbols Pragmatics System Size, Programming Languages Support Selection of OOMs As mentioned above that this report compare the following two OOM for comparison. Object-Oriented Modeling and Techniques by J. Rumbaugh, et al. [Rumbaugh 91] Object-Oriented Analysis and Design by G. Booch [Booch 94] The selection of OOMs is based on three criteria. First the Object Oriented Methodologies (OOM) must be published in text book form so that adequate information is available for our comparison; which narrowed down our selection to those OOMs that are available in the text book form. Second the OOMs should be well-known and must be accepted by the software development community as real object-oriented methodologies. Third the methodologies must be supportred by CASE tools. The two OOM, selected in this report for camparison, fulfill and satisfy the three criteria [1, 10]. Both Booch, and Rumbaugh, which are the most widely used OOM, have evolved either from the real time domain or information processing domain and also are used in general. The two methodologies has gained significant attention so far in the software development community and are well documented at the same time. These criteria might exclude some well-known OOMs or recent developments in the OOM, but sufficiency, maturity and general acceptance of methodologies are the primary requirements for software development practice. Literature review Limitation This paper evaluates the aforementioned methods by scoring them against a set of criteria. It is not the goal of the paper to answer the question which one is the best? But rather to show the differences between methods and to allow conclusions be drawn as to their applicability. Remaining of report is divided into four sections. Section 2 provides a brief introduction of the two methodologies. Section 3 contains the comparison of the two methodologies. Section 4 presents the conclusion for the comparison of the two OOMs. Finally, section 5 contains the references to the literature used for this research. Brief introduction Of the Booch And Rambaugh (OMT) Methods Booch (1991, 1994) Booch introduced object oriented methodology in his book published in 1991. He was the first one to give the idea of the object-oriented approach in software development process, which he called system design [2][3]. He was popular at that for his landmark paper [Booch 1986] and for the work on Ada program design. He then introduced the analysis methodology to his design and extended his design model as a repeating process which he called The Micro Process) within a development process which is referred as The Macro Process. The macro process is shown in the figure 1 below as prescribed by Booch which is a self-iterative process Figure 1- The Macro Process -Booch [1994] These two processes are discussed in the next sections. The Macro Process The macro process consists of the following steps [2] [3] [4]. 1. Establish core requirements for software (conceptualization). 2. Develop a model of the systems desired behavior (analysis). 3. Create architecture for the implementation (design). 4. Evolve the implementation through successive refinements (evolution). 5. Post-delivery evolution management (maintenance). The Micro Process The micro process consists of the following activities as shown in figure 2 below [2] [3] [4]: The classes and objects are identified at a given abstraction level. Figure 2-The Micro Process Booch [1994] 2. Previously identified classes and objects meanings are established by defining the Semantics for every class and object, as well as the behavior of the system and its components are determined. 3. The interface of classes and objects as well as their implementation are specified. Decisions about the representation of the classes and objects are made in design model. Rambaugh OMT (1991) Rumbaugh introduced Object Modeling Technique (OMT) in 1991.OMT consists of following three major models and then it defines a method for integrating them [11] [12]. 1. The Object Model 2. The Dynamic Model 3. The Functional Model The object model In this model, Objects static structure and relationships among these objects are determined within a system. The following are the main concepts used in this model: object class operation attribute association aggregation Inheritance Dynamic model This model gives a description about the dynamics of the objects and their changes in states. This model shows the essential characteristics that change over time in a system by observing the objects behavior over time, and by exploring control and events flow among the objects. The control aspects of a system are specified and implemented in this model. The following are the main concepts in this model: state sub/super state event activity action Functional model This model shows information about the data flow within a system and the outside world. The following are then main concepts of this model: process data flow data store actor (source/sink) control flow OMT consists of five phases. 1. Analysis 2. System Design 3. Object Design 4. Implementation (coding) 5. Testing OMT processes considers the primary features in the first three phases of development (i-e Analysis, System Design and Object Design) and are explained in following sections. The following figure 3 shows these processes. Figure 3.-The OMT process- Derr [1995]. 1. Analysis this phase goal is to build a comprehensible and correct model according to the real world situation. The initial problem statement is developed from the requirements of the users and information that are provided by developers and managers. The analysis phase produces the following deliverables [11] [12]: Problem Statement Object Model, which consists of Object Model Diagram and data dictionary Dynamic Model, which consists of State Diagrams and Global Event Flow Diagram Functional Model, which consists of Data Flow Diagram and constraints 2. System design on the bases of architectural design of the system and problem domain, the system is partitioned into subsystems. The following are the system design phase deliverables: System Design Document: consists of architectural design of the system and high-level strategic decisions for implementing data stores in the form of data structures, files, and databases. 3. Object design based on the analysis model, the goal of this phase to provide Implementation details that include the domain infrastructure classes along with the internal objects needed for implementation. The following are the object design phase deliverables: Detailed Object Model Detailed Dynamic Model Detailed Functional Model 4. Implementation in this phase the system that is designed so far is translated into programming language code and hardware. 5. Test The entire System that is developed is verified in this phase. Testing includes system level and scenario based tests. Comparison Of Booch and Rambaugh methods The framework used in this paper is considering the following major areas of each methodology for comparison: Concepts Process Notations Pragmatics 3.1 Concepts A method to be consider as object oriented, it should support concepts that are related to the object oriented methologies. This comparison provides help in evaluating the method to the extent it is is object oriented. Therefore , in this paper we are comparing object oriented concepts of the two methodologies, Booch and Rambaugh, in the following categories. Concepts, such as Class, Object, etc. The relationships such as Inheritance and Aggregation Types of communications between objects and classes. Concurrency mechanisms Object is the fundamental concept of every object-oriented method, that must be supported by the method. An object encapsulates its internal state (or attributes) and provides a set of operations (methods/messeges) as an interface for manipulating the state. Whereas a class is a template which describes the attributes and interface of a set of objects. Object instances are produced by defining class variables.[5] Table 1 lists comparison of the object oreinted concepts that both methodology provides. A Y in the box for each concept represents that an artifact is provided by the coresponding methodology. Table 1. Object Oriented concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch classes/objects Y Y abstract classes Y Y meta-classes Y Y Encapsulation Y Y single inheritance Y Y multiple inheritance Y Y Aggregation Y Y Association Y Y methods/messages Y Y Total 9 9 Real world is concurrent, so object oriented methods often uses concurrent objects in the analysis phase to model it. Objects remain in passive mode, until an operation is invoked by another object to bring them in active mode. If there are more than one thread of control associated with active object, then it is called internally concurrent object. Therefore object oriented methods should support ways to access the shared data in concurrent systems.[5] Table 2. Concurrency Method Passive Active internally concurrent Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Communiication provides information flow and synchronization between objects that are involved in the communication. In Synchronous communication the sender object send a messege to the reciever object and suspend execution until it receives an aknowlegment message from the reciever, whereas in asynchronous communication the sender does not wait for the aknowlegment and continues its execution. Sequential systems uses procedural call whereas concurrent object systems uses remote procedure Call for communication. Table 3. Communication Method Synchronous Asynchronous Procedural Remote procedure Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Y Process 3.2.1. Deliverables that are produced during the Development Process: A number of different types of deliverables are generated during the development process of a system. These include a number of specifications likely requirements, analysis, design, subsystem, and test cases. Particularly, in object-oriented development process, object and classes specifications are very important. Following criteria is used to find out the deliverables that each methodology generates during the development process: 0 shows no deliverable is generated. 1 shows deliverable is generated, but details are not provided. 2 shows deliverable is generated and also well defined. 3 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given. 4 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given, and a definition for the process is provided. 5 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is supplied, an example is given, a definition for the process is provided, and heuristics are provided. The following table 4 represents the results of this evaluation: Table 4: Development process deliverables Method Rumbaugh Booch Requirement Specification 2 1 Design Specification 2 2 Test Cases 0 0 Object/Class Specification 5 1 Subsystem Specification 0 1 Totals 9 5 3.2.2. Development Contexts A set of constraints occur during the development process which are established by development context. The following criteria are used to evaluate that whether each methodology explicitly discusses the constraints that are established by the development context, or not within the method. A Y in the With Prototyping column shows that prototyping is discussed explicitly in the methodology. A Y in the As Prototyping indicates that prototypes iteratively deliver the system and methodology produces prototypes into production. A Y in the With Reuse shows that the methodology explicitly incorporate the reuse products into the method The For Reuse indicates whether the methodology delivers reusable products for other processes or not. Table 5: Development Context Method Rumbaugh Booch With Prototype Y As Prototype With Reuse Y Y For Reuse Partial Y Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle The whole development life cycle of a methodology gives us a suggestion about the completeness and consistency of the methodology. If a methodology covers all aspects of the development lifecycle during the development process then it ensures the completeness and the consistency of the methodology and it is useful to the organization as a complete and consistent methodology. Therefore, complete life cycle coverage is very important to a life cycle with a limited coverage. Following table 6 values shows these aspects: 0 shows this feature is not covered. 1 shows this feature is covered, but with no details. 2 show this feature is covered with definition. 3 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one). 4 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process. 5 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process, and heuristics are provided. Table 6: Development process life cycle coverage Method Rumbaugh Booch Domain Analysis 0 4 Requirement Analysis 5 2 Enterprise Modeling 0 0 Design 5 5 Implement 3 4 Test 2 0 Total 15 15 In software engineering Extensibility of the system design is a systematic measure of the ability to last or continue. A level of efforts is required to extend a system in range or scope. Table 7: Extensibility Method Completeness Consistency Extensibility Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch N N N Table 8: Process properties Method Well-defined steps(process) Pure or hybrid Traceable across lifecycle Rumbaugh Y H Y Booch Partial P Partitioning Mechanism When system size increases, then at a particular time, the visibility of certain information about the objects of interest is very crucial and to limit this visibility a partitioning mechanism is required. Each methodology was studied carefully to seek such mechanisms it provides. So the information in the table below was the outcome. Table 9: Partition mechanism Method Partitioning Mechanism Rumbaugh Subsystems Booch Subsystems The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies The development life-cycle of each methodology was carefully reviewed so as to determine that whether the methodology follows a sequential (i-e Waterfall), iterative or recursive strategy because it is the crucial requirement for project planning. Otherwise it will yield unexpected results with high risk and would lead to total failure. The following table 10 shows that which methodology follows what strategy. Table 10: life cycle property Method Recursive Iterative Sequential Rumbaugh Y Booch Y 3.3 Notations 3.3.1. Static Concepts Each methodology was reviewed to determine that how each methodology represents the following concepts: Aggregation: what are the components an object is a composed of. Communication: How the classes or objects communicate with each other(i-e by sending message to one another) Specialization: An object is represented as a generalization, or specialization, of another class or object? Module Interfaces: The physical implementations of objects Qualifications for Reuse: How much each methodology encourages the reuse of different components of development process. These concepts within each methodology indicates that how the models are used. The table 11 below shows the notations for these concepts. Table 11: Static Concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch Aggregation Object Model Class Diagram Specialization Object Model Class Diagram Communication Scenario Class Diagram Module Interfaces Module Qualifications f

Inclusion of Children with Autism Essay -- Teaching Education Schools

Inclusion of Children with Autism The inclusion of children with learning disabilities into normal classrooms has proved to exhibit both positive and negative effects on children with and without disabilities. However, the negative aspects of inclusion have not proven a strong enough point in that the good, which comes from this experience, severely outweighs any doubt of its success. Inclusion of autistic children has shown to be beneficial due to the notion that these 'disabled kids' can attend 'normal' classes with their non-learning disabled peers. By allowing all kids to feel 'normal' we, as a society, stand a chance of making prejudice which we associate the disabled under, cease to exist. Autism is a rare disorder that primarily affects the nervous system and psychic emotion system. It causes the abnormality or incapability to complete, on the normal level, skills in language, sensory, communicative, and social perspectives. Depending on the individual's severity, the disability can manifest itself in a very wide range of symptoms. One of the universal symptoms is an infatuation with inanimate objects or objects that spin. Although the disorder encompasses many different symptoms and effects, it is very common for children with autism to develop other disorders throughout their development. In many cases, children will develop hyperactivity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and/or Tourette's syndrome. Autism is still a disorder that is under continuous study by many people in an attempt to determine exactly how the brain is being affected. The disorder is not a form of retardation, although some children with the disorder are born with mental retardation. Even tho ugh autistic children lack the normal skills in... ...ho has this disability? Kaplan, James E. & Moore, Jr., Ralph J, (2000), Legal Rights and Hurdles. (2nd ed.) Powers, Michael D. Ed., Children with Autism: A Parent?s Guide, Woodbine House Inc ?Explains inclusion and the testing aspects and how they determine if the students are hurting or benefiting all parts their schooling environment? Macarthur, Charles A., Rozmiarek, Daniel J., (1999), Full-Time Collaborative Teaching: Special Education in an Inclusive Classroom. Graham, Steve & Harris, Karen R. Ed., Teachers working Together, Massachusetts: Brookline Books. ?Discusses what and how inclusion works. Who is involved and how it effects both teachers and the students who partake? Guskin, Samuel L., Gottlieb, Jay, (1941), Attitudes Toward Children with Disabilities. Encyclopedia of Educational Research, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, (Vol. 1).

Ecriture Feminine

Ecriture feminine, literally â€Å"women's writing,†[1]  more closely, the writing of the female body and female disparity in language and text,[2]  is a strain of  feminist literary theory that originated in France  in the early 1970s and included foundational theorists such as  Helene Cixous,  Monique Wittig,  Luce Irigaray,[3]  Chantal Chawaf,[4][5]  and  Julia Kristeva,[6][7]  and also other writers like psychoanalytical theorist  Bracha Ettinger,[8][9]  who joined this field in the early 1990s. [10]  Generally, French feminists tended to focus their attention on language, analyzing the ways in which meaning is produced. They concluded that language as we commonly think of it is a decidedly male realm, which therefore only represents a world from the male point of view. [11] Nonetheless, the French women's movement developed in much the same way as the feminist movements elsewhere in Europe or in the United States: French women participated in consciousness-raising groups; demonstrated in the streets on the  8th of March; fought hard for women's right to choose whether to have children; raised the issue of violence against women; and struggled to change public opinion on issues concerning women and women's rights. The fact that the very first meeting of a handful of would-be feminist activists in 1970 only managed to launch an acrimonious theoretical debate, would seem to mark the situation as typically ‘French' in its apparent insistence on the primacy of theory over politics. [12] Helene Cixous  first coined  ecriture feminine  in her essay, â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa† (1975), where she asserts â€Å"Woman must write her self: must write about women and bring women to writing, from which they have been driven away as violently as from their bodies† because their sexual pleasure has been repressed and denied expression. Inspired by Cixous' essay, a recent book titledLaughing with Medusa  (2006) analyzes the collective work of Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Bracha Ettinger and Helene Cixous. [13]  These writers are as a whole referred to by Anglophones as â€Å"the French feminists,† though Mary Klages, Associate Professor in the English Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has pointed out that â€Å"poststructuralist theoretical feminists† would be a more accurate term. [14]  Madeleine Gagnon is a more recent proponent. And since the aforementioned 1975 when Cixous also founded women's studies at Vincennes, she has been as a spokeswoman for the group Psychanalyse et politique and a prolific writer of texts for their publishing house, des femmes. And when asked of her own writing she says, â€Å"Je suis la ou ca parle† (â€Å"I am there where it/id/the female unconscious speaks. â€Å")  [15] American feminist critic and writer  Elaine Showalter  defines this movement as â€Å"the inscription of the feminine body and female difference in language and text. [16]  Ecriture feminine places experience before language, and privileges non-linear, cyclical writing that evades â€Å"the discourse that regulates the  phallocentric  system. â€Å"[17]  Because language is not a neutral medium, the argument can be made that it functions as an instrument of patriarchal expression. Peter Barry writes that â€Å"the female writer is seen as suffering the handicap of having to use a mediu m (prose writing) which is essentially a male instrument fashioned for male purposes†. 18]  Ecriture feminine thus exists as an antithesis of masculine writing, or as a means of escape for women,although the phallogocentric argument itself has been criticised by W. A. Borody as misrepresenting the history of philosophies of ‘’indeterminateness’’ in Western culture. Borody claims that the‘black and white’’view that the masculine=determinateness and the feminine=indeterminateness contains a degree of cultural and historical validity, but not when it is deployed to self-replicate a similar form of gender-othering it originally sought to overcome. 19]  In the words of Rosemarie Tong, â€Å"Cixous challenged women to write themselves out of the world men constructed for women. She urged women to put themselves-the unthinkable/unthought-into words. †[20] Almost everything is yet to be written by women about femininity: about their sexuality, that is, its infinite and mobile complexity; about their eroticization, sudden turn-ons of a certain minuscule-immense area of their bodies; not about destiny, but about the adventure of such and such a drive, about trips, crossings, trudges, abrupt and gradual awakenings, discoveries of a zone at once timorous and soon to be forthright. 14] With regard to phallocentric writing, Tong explains that â€Å"male sexuality, which centers on what Cixous called the â€Å"big dick†, is ultimately boring in its pointedness and singularity. Like male sexuality, masculine writing, which Cixous usually termed phallogocentric writing, is also ultimately boring† and furthermore, that â€Å"stamped with the official seal of social approval, masculine writing is too weighted down to move or change†. 20] Write, let no one hold you back, let nothing stop you: not man; not the imbecilic capitalist machinery, in which the publishing houses are the crafty, obsequiou s relayers of imperatives handed down by an economy that works against us and off our backs; not  yourself. Smug-faced readers, managing editors, and big bosses don't like the true texts of women- female-sexed texts. That kind scares them. [21] For Cixous, ecriture feminine is not only a possibility for female writers; rather, she believes it can be (and has been) employed by male authors such as  James Joyce. Some have found this idea difficult to reconcile with Cixous’ definition of ecriture feminine (often termed ‘white ink’) because of the many references she makes to the female body (â€Å"There is always in her at least a little of that good mother’s milk. She writes in white ink†[22]) when characterizing the essence of ecriture feminine and explaining its origin. This notion raises problems for some theorists: â€Å"Ecriture feminine, then, is by its nature transgressive, rule-transcending, intoxicated, but it is clear that the notion as put forward by Cixous raises many problems. The realm of the body, for instance, is seen as somehow immune to social and gender condition and able to issue forth a pure essence of the feminine. Such essentialism is difficult to square with feminism which emphasizes femininity as a social construction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [23] For Luce Irigaray, women's sexual pleasure  jouissance  cannot be expressed by the dominant, ordered, â€Å"logical,† masculine language because according to Kristeva, feminine language is derived from the pre-oedipal period of fusion between mother and child. Associated with the maternal, feminine language is not only a threat to culture, which is patriarchal, but also a medium through which women may be creative in new ways. Irigaray expressed this connection between women's sexuality and women's language through the following analogy: women's  jouissance  is more multiple than men's unitary, phallic pleasure because  [24] â€Å"woman has sex organs just about everywhere†¦ feminine language is more diffusive than its ‘masculine counterpart'. That is undoubtedly the reason†¦ her language†¦ goes off in all directions and†¦ e is unable to discern the coherence. †Ã‚  [25] Irigaray and Cixous also go on to emphasize that women, historically limited to being sexual objects for men (virgins or prostitutes, wives or mothers), have been prevented from expressing their sexuality in itself or for themselves. If they can do this, and if they can speak about it in the new languages it calls for, they will establ ish a point of view (a site of difference) from which phallogocentric concepts and controls can be seen through and taken apart, not only in theory, but also in practice. 26] ————————————————- [edit]Notes 1. ^  Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. OUP, 1990. 65. 2. ^  Showalter, Elaine. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 8, No. 2, Writing and Sexual Difference, (Winter, 1981), pp. 179-205. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. http://www. jstor. org/stable/1343159 3. ^  Irigaray, Luce,  Speculum of the Other Woman, Cornell University Press, 1985 4. ^  Cesbron, Georges, † Ecritures au feminin. Propositions de lecture pour quatre livres de femmes† in Degre Second, juillet 1980: 95-119 5.   Mistacco, Vicki, â€Å"Chantal Chawaf,† in Les femmes et la tradition litteraire – Anthologie du Moyen Age a nos jours; Seconde p artie: XIXe-XXIe siecles, Yale Press, 2006, 327-343 6. ^  Kristeva, Julia  Revolution in Poetic Language, Columbia University Press, 1984 7. ^  Griselda Pollock, â€Å"To Inscribe in the Feminine: A Kristevan Impossibility? Or Femininity, Melancholy and Sublimation. †Ã‚  Parallax, n. 8, [Vol. 4(3)], 1998. 81-117. 8. ^  Ettinger, Bracha,  Matrix . Halal(a) – Lapsus. Notes on Painting, 1985-1992. MOMA, Oxford, 1993. (ISBN 0-905836-81-2). Reprinted in:  Artworking 1985-1999. Edited by Piet Coessens. Ghent-Amsterdam: Ludion / Brussels: Palais des Beaux-Arts, 2000. (ISBN 90-5544-283-6) 9. ^  Ettinger, Bracha,  The Matrixial Borderspace  (essays 1994-1999), Minnesota University Press, 2006 10. ^  Pollock, Griselda, â€Å"Does Art Think? â€Å", in:  Art and Thought  Blackwell, 2003 11. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Murfin, Ross C. †Ã‚  http://www. ux1. eiu. edu/~rlbeebe/what_is_feminist_criticism. pdf 12. ^  Moi, Toril, ed. French Feminist Thought. Basil Blac kwell Ltd, 1987. (ISBN 0-631-14972-4) 13.   Zajko, Vanda and Leonard, Miriam,  Laughing with Medusa. Oxford University Press, 2006 14. ^  a  b  Klages, Mary. â€Å"Helene Cixous: The Laugh of the Medusa. † 15. ^  Jones, Ann Rosalind. Feminist Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 247-263. Published by: Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www. jstor. org/stable/3177523 16. ^  Showalter, Elaine. â€Å"Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness. †Ã‚  The New Feminist Criticism: essays on women, literature, and theory. Elaine Showalter, ed. London: Virago, 1986. 249. 17. ^  Cixous, Helene. â€Å"The Laugh of the Medusa. †Ã‚  New French Feminisms. Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron, eds. New York: Schocken, 1981. 253. 18. ^  Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory  : An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchester UP, 2002. 126 19. ^  Wayne A. Borody (1998) pp. 3, 5 Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition Nebula: A Netzine of the Arts and Science, Vol. 13 (pp. 1-27) (http://kenstange. com/nebula/feat013/feat013. html) . 20. ^  a  b  Tong, Rosemarie Putnam. Feminist Thought  : A More Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Westview P, 2008. 276. 1. ^  Helene Cixous, Summer 1976. 22. ^  Klages, Mary. â€Å"Helene Cixous: ‘The Laugh of the Medusa. 23. ^  Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory  : An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchester UP, 2002. 128. 24. ^  Murfin, Ross C. http://www. ux1. eiu. edu/~rlbeebe/what_is_feminist_criticism. pdf 25. ^  Irigaray, Luce. This Sex. 26. ^  Jones, Ann Rosalind. Fem inist Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 247-263. Published by: Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www. jstor. org/stable/3177523. ————————————————- [edit]External links

Frogs Amphibian and Essays Research Papers

Frogs Amphibian and Essays Research Papers Frogs: Amphibian and Essays Research Papers Frogs are usually small animals that have smooth, moist skin, bulging eyes, and external eardrums behind the eyes; the adults lack a tail. Frogs have long hind legs, and most species can take long leaps. Many species also have webbed feet, making them excellent swimmers. Most frogs, especially males, are quite vocal. As the frog forces air through the voice box, or larynx, the vocal cords vibrate to make calls distinctive of its species. A much louder sound is produced by the males of species that possess vocal sacs, which swell enormously when the frog calls to attract a mate.... [tags: essays research papers] 413 words (1.2 pages) FREE Essays [view] Frogs - Frogs are needed for everyday life. They are part of pond life. Each animal is important because even in the pond, there is a food chain. Frogs are amphibians, animals that spend half of their lives under water, and remainder on land. The first frog appeared in the early Jurassic period about 200 million years ago. Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but tropical regions have the largest amount. Like all amphibians, frogs spend half their lives near water because they must return to the water to lay their eggs.... [tags: essays research papers fc] :: 1 443 words (1.3 pages) FREE Essays [view] Frogs - Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura. The order Anura is broken down into 22 different families of frogs and toads. Although they belong to the same order, frogs and toads are different in a lot of ways. Some of the more distinct differences are their skin and where they live. Frogs usually have smooth moist skin and toads usually have dry watery looking skin. Frogs spend most of their lives in or near water and toads spend more time on land. Amphibian means "double

Comparison Of Movies And Books Essays - English-language Films

Comparison Of Movies And Books Essays - English-language Films Comparison Of Movies And Books Many people compare an English literary work to different movies of their time. An example of this is Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw. A story about a woman transformed into a spectacular beauty pushed into royalty, but never loses her identity, is very similar to a movie directed by Don Bluth called Anastasia. Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion and Don Bluths movie Anastasia, show that one can change a persons appearance, but the person deep within has never left the surface. The two have a large array of similarities and differences. What is also fascinating is that the background of both the English writer and director are very similar in how they began. I will compare both movie work and literary work of two exceptional people. Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin on July 26, 1856. He was essentially shy, yet created the persona of G.B.S. The showman, controversialist, satirist, critic, pundit, wit, intellectual buffoon and dramatist (sites.netscape.net/bernardshawinfo) . Shaw grew up in a family with a drunken father, whom worked in a corn mill, a mother whom left home when he was fourteen. Bernard never went to school past the age of fourteen. After his mother left his father had gotten worse (spartacus.schoonet.co.uk/jshaw.htm) . So he embarked on a journey to London in 1876, where he would become an active Socialist and a brilliant platform speaker. His heart was in writing and seven years later he wrote five unsuccessful novels. He was successful with his journalism; he contributed Pall Mall Gazette (sites.netscape.net/bernardshawinfo). One of the many people that influenced him in his newspaper career was William Stead. Shaw attended a lecture on nationalization that was given by Henry George, which had a profound effect on his ideas of socialism. In the year of 1884 he joined the Fabian Society and in 1885 the Socialist League. Bernard gave a lecture on socialism on November 13th which would result in the Bloody Sunday Riot. Shaw was considered one of the best writers of his time. He wrote many plays such as Arms and the Man (1984), Satirizing romantic attitudes toward love and war. In 1897 The Devils Disciple, a play on the American Revolution, was produced with great success in New York City (sites.netscape.net/bernardshawinfo). He also wrote a play known as Pygmalion, which satirizes the English class system through the story of a cockney girls transformation into a lady at the hands of a speech professor. The movie My Fair Lady was produced to amplify what Pygmalion was all about. Of Shaws later plays, Saint Joan (1923) is the most memorable; it argues that Joan of Arc, had to be killed because the world was not yet ready for her. Among Shaws other plays are John Bulls Other Island (1940), The Doctors Dilemma, Fannys First Play, Back to Methuselah, The Apple Cart, Too True to Be Good, and The Intelligent Womans Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (spartacus.schoonet.co.uk/jshaw.htm). Bernard conducted a strong attack on the London Theatre and was closely associated with the intellectual revival of British theatre. His many plays fall into several categories: Plays pleasant, Unpleasant Comedies, chronic- plays metabiological Pentateuch. Don Bluth was born into a family of seven children in El Paso, Texas. After watching Snow white and the Seven Dwarfs he found his calling. From the age of six he could always be found drawing (movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hc&id=180001539&cf=bios) . His family moved to Santa Monica, California, and upon graduation from high school he took his drawings to Walt Disney studios in Burbank. He accepted a position as an in betweener. He worked with Disney from 1955 through 1956 on the classic motion picture Sleeping Beauty. He continued his education at Brigham Young University, studying English literature. In 1977, he returned to Disney Animation Department as an Animator. He was promoted within two years to Directing Animator and to Producer/ Director the following year. From 1971 to 1979 he worked on Robin Hood, Winnie the Pooh and Tigger too, The Rescuers and the Small One (movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hc&id=180001539&cf=bios) . He has created many prestigious animated films and laser disc video games. He was usually known for his animated movies that showed fun, laughter, togetherness, and teamwork. He is known to a lot of

Housing segregation by gentrification in US Research Paper

Housing segregation by gentrification in US - Research Paper Example d the gentrification displaced low-income residents and forced them into even worse housing thus, reversing white-flight while having no impact at all, or an even further negative impact on segregated neighborhoods. However, recent research has indicated that this simple explanation of the impacts of gentrification on segregation is inadequate and the impacts of gentrification on segregation are actually more varied. The term segregation, in terms of housing, refers to residential enclaves that are defined by ethnicity and possibly some other socio-economic indicators. Hyper-segregated neighborhoods are residential areas that are defined by multiple indicators of segregation. Massey asserts that five key dimensions indicate residential segregation. The degree to which the percentage of minority members within a residential area diverges from the metropolitan average indicates segregation on the evenness scale. Lack of opportunities for potential contact with non-minority individuals indicates segregation on the exposure scale. The degree to which minority neighbourhoods are adjacent indicates clustering. The degree to which these areas are focused in the urban core indicates centralization while increasing population density indicates concentration. (Massey and Denton, 1993, p 373) Massey and Denton employ these five indicators--evenness, exposure, clustering, centralization and concentration--to measure segregation. They describe high scores in at least four of these categories as hyper-segregation or extreme, multidimensional segregation. They conclude that multidimensional hyper-segregation is evident in at least ten metropolitan areas and affects at least 30% of all urban blacks. Denton and Massey focus on residential segregation alone, they do not directly investigate its inks to economic factors. However, in conclusion, they state that "our results suggest that the extremity of black residential segregation and its unique multidimensional character may

Fashion and Muslim Traditional Dress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion and Muslim Traditional Dress - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Muslim Traditional Dress" discovers the fashion in the context of Muslim Traditions. Muslim women are trying to be saved by both external and internal cultures. Western society seeks to liberate Muslim women from the shackles of oppression and bring them into a world where they have opportunities, but would be vulnerable without the protections offered in Muslim culture. Muslim cultures are attempting to shield women from Western values that objectify the body and strip from them their protections that define their status in Muslim society. Clothing is an integral part of how women are defined by both societies. Western societies see ‘the veil’ as a symbol of oppression while a Muslim woman who is inappropriately dressed loses respect and status within her community. The following paper will examine the position of Muslim female dress in modern contexts. The development of fashion that is acceptable outside of the Muslim community comes into confli ct with the purpose of dress within that community. Through innovative and creative design, fashion for Muslim women is becoming modernized while retaining its modest purpose. In defining female dress for modern contexts, the nature of fashion and Muslim tradition comes together to place women of Muslim into relationship with modern ideals while retaining elements of tradition that are important for Muslim identity. While female Muslim dress has a specific purpose as a representation of faith and adherence to tradition and law.

How can powerful people affect the lives of people who do not have a Essay

How can powerful people affect the lives of people who do not have a lot of power - Essay Example Indeed, the two generations have distinct needs, objectives, views, perception of life, and communication techniques. Most specifically, the communication between the two generations is not successful as the rarely agree on anything. Ideally, the older generation disregards the younger generation by condemning what the later does. In fact, we can see Miss Emily dismissing the modern generation of the town. Faulkner quotes that, â€Å"So she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell† (Barnet 420). More so, we can establish the tax disagreement between Miss Emily and the new generation who wanted her to pay the debt after disputing the earlier arrangement, which exempted her from paying taxes in 1894 (Barnet 419). According to the short story, A Rose for Emily, â€Å"She refused to acknowledge that the old arrangement might not work anymore, and flatly refused to pay† (Barnet 423). Indeed, she was dissati sfied with the new arrangement. Her blatant refusal depicts a disregard and disrespect of the new generation. Moreover, when the mayor and his new administration visited Miss Emily, she despised them and did not interact or welcome them to her house (Barnet 421). Actually, Faulkner claims, â€Å"She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt† (Barnet 421). On the other hand, we can see Connie disagreeing with her mother who actually scolds and nags her for admiring herself in the mirror (Barnet 481). However, Connie ignores her criticism and spends most of her time in clubs. Notably, the looks of Connie’s mother were long gone. Connie’s mother disregards Connie’s ability and urges her to behave and dress like her elder sister. Oates claims that Connie’s mother always lamented Connie by stating, "Why don't you keep your room clean like your sister? How have you got your hair fixed—what stinks? Hai r spray? You don't see your sister using that junk† (Barnet 481). Furthermore, the two generations do not communicate effectively as we can see the mayor and his new generation communicating ineffectively with Miss Emily who never responded to their letters, notices, and mails. Indeed, Faulkner asserts, â€Å"Each December we sent her a tax notice, which would be returned by the post office a week later, unclaimed† (Barnet 423). As such, the new generation gave up on getting any information from Miss Emily. At the same time, we can confirm that the decisions made by those in power do not reflect the best interests of all. Indeed, the powerful seek to satisfy their needs and those of their colleagues with total disregard of the less powerful in the society. For instance, we can see Colonel Sartoris, the mayor hatching a plan to exempt Miss Emily from tax from the death of her father on into perpetuity (Barnet 419). Indeed, Colonel Sartoris cheated the general society tha t Miss Emily's father loaned the town some money, which Miss Emily can only recover by being tax exempted (Barnet 419). Such a move did not suit the interests of all as it denied the town huge resources that can add some benefit to the society. As such, we can see the new mayor reversing that arrangement for the benefit of the people. Moreover, we can see the authorities refusing to confront Miss Emily on the strong stink coming from her